Bioacademy 2005 - The Conclusions of Conference A: Non-chemical protection of plants
Within this part of The Fifth Bioacademy, current questions related to non-chemical protection of plants were open. Lars Neumeister introduced opening lecture focused on factors affecting pesticide migration in the environment as well as possible leakage of pesticides from treated areas. Attention was paid to impacts on the environment and toxicity of selected preparations. Applications of these preparations relate to the quality of products, which of Jana Hajšlová and Věra Schulzová spoke about. They presented a series of examples refer to case studies on potatoes and contents of selected matters, wheat and influence of farming systems at Fusarium and not least on monitoring of furanocoumarins in celery and volatiles in basil.
Within preventive measures the self-regulation is very important in agri-ecosystems and landscape management for sustainable production. Bernard Kromp and Bořivoj Šarapatka lectured about the problems concerning to this theme. Attention was paid to particular preventive measures relate to increase of self-regulation in agri-ecosystems, examples of natural complex of regulations, ecological infrastructures and utilization of landscape elements, possibilities to enforce functional biodiversity of landscape. The ministries of the environment and agriculture presented, within their programmes, practical examples related to stabilization of landscape biodiversity, such as mixed plants – hosts for predators etc., and also practical examples on arable land and special cultures (orchards).
Eric Wyss + Lucius Tamm, also Stephan Kühne and Milan Hluchý presented the concrete strategies of organic plant protection. There were introduced the principles and basic approaches to plant protection in organic farming. Emphasis was put on concept of functional biodiversity involving planting species, which would increase biodiversity and at the same time satisfy demands of predators. Such functional elements must work all year round as they also serve as wintering grounds for predators. Another attention-drawing topic was experimental release of animal species usable in plant protection. Examples related to case studies on vine and potato plants were shoved in the first lecture of these three presentations. Other plant-protecting methods were presented as those of using preventive, chemical and biological measures, as well as mechanical methods from German organic farms. There is a list of approximately 275 preparations, however without exact knowledge about their effect (e.g. Trichoderma, Bacillus subtilis ). Using insecticides in orchards and vineyards was stressed out. Quite important point of the lecture was theme on usage of seeds in organic farming. Since 2004, according to the Council Regulation, priority in use must be given to organic seeds. However, problems still remain especially in the area of fungal diseases in crop plants (moulds, low and loose smuts). Ways of prevention were discussed. Examples of the latest experiments were presented in the end of lecture, e.g. application of rapeseed oil and pyrethrum against potato beetle ( Leptinotarsa decemlineata ). Effect of these substances is not as strong as in using neem oil but it is still cheaper option. Difference is not only in prices but also in using the preparation. Great deal of a block of these lectures took the presentation of biological plant protection systems in the Czech Republic. In introduction there was warned of using of biological plant protection especially in viniculture, fruit growing and vegetable growing (apple trees, greenhouse vegetable, field vegetable, also field crops). Another attention-drawing topic related to case studies on vineyards and comparing the influence of biological and chemical pest control on populations of aphids and aphidofagous invertebrates in maize.
Block of lectures was closed by speech of Miroslava Navrátilová, who reacted to topics above mentioned from point of the view of organization responsible for registration of plant protect preparations. Consequently she focused on self-process of confirmation of biological plant protection products and their legislative measures. Attention was paid to registration of biological preparations based on micro- and macro-organisms.
The lectures were accompanied by a poster presentation as a subject of participants' and representatives' discussions refer to non-chemical plant protection.
During the final “round table“ discussion the lectors, representatives of the associations, control and consultant organizations and farmers opened number of questions relate to possibilities in using non-chemical plant protection in organic farming. Registration of some preparations used in close field areas seem to be problematical and its yields from usage do not pay its registration fees. One of the possibilities solving these problems would be a zone registration. It means, if the zone registrations are approved, some companies would be able to sell their preparations both home and abroad – the market would extend. According to information from our German colleagues it is not necessary to have registration for each preparation – relate to e.g. some biological preparations, which are labelled as preparations enforcing resistance. There also exist possibilities of simplified registration of small-scale areas.
During the discussion, emphasis was put on the necessity of bringing up organic farming successors as well as there are not many people to hand over to (there is lack of education among people, etc.). Here could help various information sources, e.g. books or web sites (there was introduced one case from Germany relate to non-chemical plant protection). Discussions also aimed at practical questions of using plant-protective preparations in organic farming and possibilities of simplifying the authorization processes for preparations registered in other countries, registering of biological preparations based on micro- and macro-organisms, legislative measures and approving new preparations.
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